My Trip To Egypt

My Trip To Egypt It was my grandmas 70th Birthday in May this year and my Mum, my sister Sophie and my Mums three sisters chose to have a girly long end of the week in Dorset during the May half term. Thus, my Dad and I had the majority of the week all alone. My Dad concocted a couple of choices of spots to go extending from Paris to Rome yet in addition recommended going to Cairo. As I have for a long while been itching to go to Cairo and see antiquated Egypt, I imagined this was a splendid thought and an astonishing blessing from my Dad and I promptly consented to the excursion. It was a five hour trip to Cairo and my Mum drove us to the closest underground station for us to reach Heathrow air terminal in an ideal opportunity for our initial morning trip obviously the expectation was killing me as and I frantically needed to perceive what an Arab nation resembled, particularly one with all the puzzles of the antiquated world that I envisioned Egypt to have. We delighted in the flight I make the most of my Dads organization as he is such a decent narrator and obviously, he had been to Egypt around 20 years prior so was educating me regarding all the things I could expect I couldnt pause! At the point when we ventured off the plane, the primary thing I could feel was the serious warmth that was tossed against my face and it appeared to suck the dampness from my face as well as appeared to venture directly into my mouth and towel dry my tongue I knew then that I was in a desert nation. At the point when we ventured off of the landing area into the custom corridor, the main culture stun hit me and I have never observed such a significant number of firearms pointing at me as though I was open foe number one, in spite of the fact that then again, it appeared as though I was the executive showing up! My Dad had organized us to be met by an individual driver, and he rewarded us like visiting sovereignty, accompanying us to the vehicle, caring for our baggage and settling us in for the excursion. In spite of the fact that we arent used to that sort of administration at home (well separated from my Mum!!), for easily off Westerners with our way of life this was most likely only a normal methods for transport. I was truly keen on considering Cairo to be we headed to our lodging and keeping in mind that it was not quickly as breathtaking contrasted with a portion of the urban communities I have visited, it appeared to be a genuinely normal city with a ton of ghettos, bright spray painting, lost canines yet offset with some genuinely present day structures as well. On the following day my Dad and I chose to visit the market, which was known as the Khan E Khali Bazaar and which had a scope of shops and slows down that I had never observed with the majority of the products on offer being modest to such an extent that I felt that I could for all intents and purposes purchase the entire bazaar. I purchased a ton of trinkets immediately as this was one of the points of my visit I am an extraordinary customer and gatherer, particularly on vacation, and this visit would have been no special case! The market was based close the citys principle Egyptian exhibition hall, is one of the significant territories of Cairo and which houses all the mummies and Egyptian curios, which are obviously key to characterizing the historical backdrop of Egypt. The sun was searing and I felt as though I was inside a stove, however enduring the warmth was justified, despite all the trouble we wound up burning through the vast majority of the morning in the brilliant, clam oring market, taking shelter in the little lunch nooks and obviously purchasing around three shopping packs of a wide scope of treats to bring home, for instance I purchased an old Egyptian coin which in this nation would be worth very much of cash since it is an antiquated ancient rarity. The surface of the coin was extremely unpleasant; I made me think about all the hands it more likely than not experienced. I additionally permitted my creative mind to meander and dream about the solid sun in the sky, pounding on the coin; what number of persevering slaves in Ancient Egypt had stood where I stood now with the sun thumping on them as they drudged in the warmth and the residue each one of those hundreds of years back, doing combating with starvation and the uneasiness of not knowing whether theyd see one more day? The scents of anyplace new is continually something that lodges in your memory and this was the same; we visited a fragrance shop that had an entire scope of inebriating p erfumed oils and salves and we purchased a full arrangement of various fluids all in their own complicatedly made glass jugs to reclaim home to my Mum and Sister. There were such a large number of various flavors and scents and I simply realize that when I smell any of these inebriating fragrances, or the smell of meat blended in with the fragrance of jasmine and different herbs of the Arabic world, this will help me to remember different cleanser shops that we strolled past. Additionally, I feel that the smell of crude meat helps me to remember strolling past open meat slows down in different grocery stores, for example, Asda, Tesco and Sainsburys I will be in a split second shipped back to that bustling business sector! We had a truly full and intriguing day however in the end chose to make a beeline for the lodging and take an evening rest with the goal that we would be in the best shape to be prepared for an exquisite supper in the inn at night. After a long and loosening up rest, the following morning, we chose to visit what is known as the Gem of Egypt and the world popular pyramids. There were a lot a bigger number of pyramids than I expected as there are really three significant ones and three littler ones. The one I enjoyed best was one referred to as the progression pyramid as this was a significant milestone in history for the Egyptians. I can't envision to what extent it would have taken to build these Wonders of the World. Again my psyche meandered back to the Egypt of 3000 years prior when I attempted to envision what it might have been want to be a piece of the a huge number of poor slaves who had to fabricate these enormous developments; I was finding troublesome just to stand or stroll in this extraordinary warmth how hard would it be to maneuver huge stone squares into spot, or utilizing rope and tackle pulling the stones up and into their place and afterward to have these landmarks to hard work represent a hug e number of years the entire scene and where it remained in history was mind blowing. Another similarly great establishment sitting gently close by was obviously the Sphinx which overwhelms the pyramids with its magnificence and its uniqueness. To see and contact the Sphinx had been one of my long lasting aspirations and obviously, I needed to purchase a keepsake a little imitation of the lovely landmark, in spite of the fact that this trinket had been painted. Despite the fact that this isn't as of now the case, whos to state it wasnt initially painted? Toward the finish of this long, hot and sweat-soaked day making tiring excursions to, from and inside the pyramids, I frantically required a shower and afterward we had a loosening up supper and after supper drink by the twilight pool (in spite of the fact that had to fight the deceptive nightlife as mosquitoes!), we rehashed our example of genuinely early night and off to bed. Lying in bed of a night, I heard different various clamors of the Arabic world, my creative mind was a lot of alive this occasion because of the absence of web, TV and computer games, I had a great deal of time to think and ponder what may have gone on in the environmental factors around me. I carried on numerous scenes in my mind, loaded up with different fights and secretive stories that have been revolved in and around Ancient Egypt. We were exceptionally worn out the following day thus we chose to relax and ruled against certain excursions from the inn. We woke up languidly at around eleven in the first part of the day, in view of the depleting recent days. After a tasty breakfast, we went to the pool which was a reasonable as a jewel with stunning spotless as water. The pool was neither too hot nor too cold yet simply great and the water was of a similar quality as in England with no soil. We swam for about a large portion of the day and afterward advanced toward the café again for lunch, this time a smorgasbord spread out consummately with such a tremendous choice of flavorful food that I felt very confounded concerning what I ought to have for lunch. Toward the evening, we chose to visit the mosque of the Emperor which was so delightful with all carvings of the Quran and individuals asking it nearly felt like you were in Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, everything was simply so true. I think when you are co nfronted with a totally extraordinary religion or culture, there are unmistakable contrasts and on a superficial level, you feel that there are no similitudes; this is particularly evident with the contrasts among Christianity and Islam. In any case, it is just when you study the religions inside and out that you come to understand that there are a few things that are fundamentally the same as or in reality the equivalent. During my visit to the mosque I additionally took in some Arabic (for numbers) which seemed like a language made by God. Later on at night, we had a genuine differentiation to the blessed encounters of the day when we went to watch a commonplace Arab hip twirl with a lady wearing an Arabian dress demonstrating her exposed stomach. It resembled a move presentation for a ruler, and she had a large number of pounds worth of adornments all over her. The move went on for around thirty minutes and it was performed while we ate some average Arab toll for supper. At last, we returned to our lodging and on the grounds that we previously had eaten, hit the hay. All so rapidly, I arrived at the most recent day of our phenomenal visit to this magnificent nation with such decent variety, such rich culture and rich scents and tastes. Our flight was very late around evening time so during our last day we visited the incredibly famous Egyptian exhibition hall, which contained superb antiques. One ancient rarity which surprised me the most was the image of Tutankhamen, one of the extraordinary leaders of Egypt, which was brimming with rich hues and was genuinely a work of an incredible craftsman. I never envisioned that the individuals of such a long time ago would have had such refined and incredible abilities, particularly masterful and furthermore development work. The gallery was truly captivating and I felt regarded to have seen such a significant number of fortunes. We at last advanced toward the air terminal and despite the fact that I didnt need to return home, we had to our flights were reserved thus we were unable to remain longer. The a ir terminal had a similar high security circumstance with the gatekeepers holding weapons on

Feminism an Argument or Success free essay sample

Women's liberation: An Argument or Success with regards to the old family based method of creation In India, despite the fact that they were certainly persecuted by men ladies were not aware of the cutoff points forced on their individual turn of events and even less of the cutoff points forced on their key social rights. First as a little girl, later as a spouse and mother, a lady would consume her time on earth inside the bounds of the home and the main society that she really knew was that of the family premise. Ladies at that point start to gain an awareness that pushes them to look to protect their inclinations, and start to see that they are victimized. They become mindful of the way that they have less rights than men. Women's liberation and Nationalism in India, 1917-1947 directs the condition of women's activist developments during a wide scope of history, yet gives the conviction of the women's activist development that was seen through the ascent of Indian patriotism. Contention for women's activist freedom lives on the intensity of Mahatma Gandhi who effectively upheld the different women's activist developments that tried to crash the conventional male centric builds of brutality as a type of restriction: [Gandhi] guaranteed that ladies were better than men in pursuing peaceful detached opposition since they had more prominent limit with respect to generosity and perseverance, were less selfish, and had moral fortitude. The historical backdrop of woman's rights in India can be taken a gander at as chiefly a commonsense exertion. Contention 1:- Beginning from the primary initiation of the Universe, there exists an intriguing fantasy related with the making of lady by the Supreme Creator, Brahma. What's more, to be sure, starting from Brahma Himself, the possibility of women's liberation in Indian writing, both oral and composed, had started to be built up, however maybe not as unmitigated as is today. It is said that Brahma had first made man and in quite a while liberality, had wanted to give man a buddy. In any case, by then he had exhausted all the material in the production of man and consequently he had acquired umpteen segments from the attractive formation of nature and had therefore made lady out of them. Henceforth the reference of lady as Prakriti. Brahma had acquainted lady with his prior creation man expressing, She will serve you long lasting and in the event that you can't live with her, neither would you be able to live without her. The antiquated legend conveys an unambiguous ramifications of lady's picture throughout everyday life and writing for a considerable length of time. Contention 2:- World's two of the most ancient most noteworthy of the stories, Ramayana and Mahabharata by sages Valmiki and Vyasa, both by men have been composed turning around two focal characters Sita and Draupadi, the two ladies. Accordingly was likewise brought into the world the absolute first beginning phases of women's liberation in the old Indian composed writing, the representation of which needs no further presentation the tribulations of both Sita and Draupadi is maybe acknowledged by each Indian directly. The key job ladies played in writing and life in the over a significant time span in the two pieces of the globe is similarly critical. In old Vedic writing, ladies were raised to Devis (Goddesses); they were transformed into fantasies and legends. Her genuine character of a lady anyway was given by the early stage fantasy, that is social generalizations which have been recommended, are two shafts of female involvement with the world. Sita retains all brutally forced destruction and embarrassment of the male personality, though, Draupadi provokes the male self image to the epitomic furthest reaches of human greatness. Sita acknowledges, suits and pulls back; Draupadi loathes, dismisses and includes herself during the time spent life as a hero. These two female models characterize the constraints of ladylike involvement with the real world, particularly the Indian abstract reality. Indeed, even in the current day Indian writing, the sexual orientation separates moves between new 'iconisations' of these two intense and ancient figures. Post-Independent Feminism Concept and Redemption height:- In post-Independent India, the informed New Woman with monetary freedom and a quest for character doesn't have a place absolutely with both of the two previous classes Brahmavadini or Sadyobadhu (the previous signifying the austere kind in journey of truth, information and profound interests, which penances life for the general public and the subsequent classification indicating the residential lady, the little girl, spouse and mother who devotes herself to the government assistance of the family. The pictures of lady in the public arena and in Indian writing in the over a significant time span generally have a place with the subsequent class). She has a place with a new class, progressively sensible, increasingly human. It very well may be expressed with most extreme adequacy in the casing of S. Radhakrishnan that, Indian Women have propelled writing and the ladylike subject has been a critical significance as well. She herself is additionally a maker of writing and is all plaguing. This is valid for Indian writing moreover. Indian writing traverses a rich assortment of topics from the topic of a regular lady to that of the new lady, reflecting in the process the progressions that have been going on in the general public. Post-Independence writing in Indian and women's liberation depicts every one of these patterns and voices, the clamoring of ladies for another and only lifestyle. Over years, the deep rooted picture of the lady is by all accounts gradually obscuring and bit by bit concealing off into another picture. End:- Feminism in Indian writing, as can be most generally imagined is a much heavenly and over-the-top idea, which is most inconspicuously dealt with under confined conditions. With progression of time, be that as it may, women's liberation has been acknowledged in India, putting aside the man centric prevalence to certain degree. Leaving aside the activists and campaigner’s of the political and social situation, maybe enormous work of women's liberation is likewise cultivated through Indian writing. However, before appreciating a progressively exceptional investigate women's activist writing in India, it is important to get a handle on the fundamental idea of the term 'women's liberation' in the nation's unique circumstance, starting from its beginning.

New York, New York

New York, New York Im in New York City now, staying in a hotel a stones throw from the New York Stock Exchange (maybe Ill see fellow MIT alum and NYSE CEO John Thain 77). On the bus ride down, I was reading todays New York Times, where there was an interesting column about the new SAT writing section. In March, Les Perelman attended a national college writing conference and sat in on a panel on the new SAT writing test. Dr. Perelman is one of the directors of undergraduate writing at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He did doctoral work on testing and develops writing assessments for entering M.I.T. freshmen. He fears that the new 25-minute SAT essay test that started in March and will be given for the second time on Saturday is actually teaching high school students terrible writing habits. It appeared to me that regardless of what a student wrote, the longer the essay, the higher the score, Dr. Perelman said. A man on the panel from the College Board disagreed. He told me I was jumping to conclusions, Dr. Perelman said. Because M.I.T. is a place where everything is backed by data, I went to my hotel room, counted the words in those essays and put them in an Excel spreadsheet on my laptop. [] He was stunned by how complete the correlation was between length and score. I have never found a quantifiable predictor in 25 years of grading that was anywhere near as strong as this one, he said. If you just graded them based on length without ever reading them, youd be right over 90 percent of the time. The shortest essays, typically 100 words, got the lowest grade of one. The longest, about 400 words, got the top grade of six. In between, there was virtually a direct match between length and grade. [] In an interview, five top College Board officials strongly defended the writing test but sounded more muted about its usefulness. The SAT essay should not be the primary way kids learn to write, said Wayne Camara, vice president for research. Its one basic writing skill. If thats all the writing your high school English department is teaching, you have a problem. They said that while there was a correlation between writing long and a high score, it was not as significant as Dr. Perelman stated. Graders also reward good short essays, they said, but the College Board erred by failing to release such samples to the public. We will change that, said Chiara Coletti, a vice president. Hmm it will be interesting to see how this plays out. I know that for many of you, these two next few weeks are filled with exams APs and IBs have begun this week. Good luck!

The Reformation Of The King s Romance With Anne Boleyn Or...

An Introduction to the History of Christianity in England Name: Institution: Course: Date: Introduction The Henrician Reformation followed and Protestant Reformation and led to the Church of England breaking away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. The purpose of this essay is to argue that the most decisive feature of the Henrician reformation was the King’s determination to conceive a male heir, in order to prevent another succession crisis, like those of 1453 and 1461. In doing so, the essay will provide evidence that supports the prominence of this claim over the claims that religious differences with the Catholic Church, the King’s romance with Anne Boleyn or popular discontent with the Roman Catholic Church are the decisive factors of the revolution. Firstly, the essay sheds light onto the events that led to the reformation under the stewardship of King Henry VIII. In doing so it will contest the claim that the King supported the Protestant Reformation. Secondly, the nature of the Henrecian reformation will be discussed high lighting that it was caused by personal and political grievances by the king as opposed to the theological faith of the masses. Lastly, the beheading of Anne Boleyn and the King’s subsequent marriages highlight his fixation on producing an heir. King Henry VIII was not the heir to apparent to the throne because he was the second son of his father, Henry VII. In this regard, he was afforded first-rate

Great Descriptive Essay Topics - the Story

Great Descriptive Essay Topics - the Story The Downside Risk of Great Descriptive Essay Topics The exact first step in writing a descriptive essay is to select your topic. When you have settled on the essay topic, the next thing to do is to compose a descriptive essay. There are lots of subjects you may pick from for a descriptive essay. It is difficult to write customized essays mainly because it's necessary to recognize the type initially and then determine how to proceed with this. Among the most well-known forms of essays it is very important to grasp how to write one. Descriptive essays could possibly be difficult if you don't have any clue what to write about. Before writing, you've got to understand the subject of your essay! In case it happens that you're stuck on your essay, seek professional assistance from our writers who will make a remarkable descriptive paper for you. Descriptive essays may be one of the more fun essays to write. If you believe you cannot cope with a descriptive essay by yourself, you may always purchase it from our writers at an inexpensive price! Finding the Best Great Descriptive Essay Topics The sort of essay you're looking for will be provided to you within the deadline provided to you. Our mastery and knowledge of descriptive essay topics differ, and that is the reason we also become various grades. Getting creative and descriptive can occasionally be a challenge. It's important to get a very clear vision of your paper. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. Making an outline is vital if you wish to create an excellent work. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done too. Things You Should Know About Great Descriptive Essay Topics Contemplating the simple fact, descriptive essay is an exceptional kind of a term paper, the structure also differs from the one which you are accustomed to. For instance, an essay on the very first topic can tell your private story. however, it may also be based on your imagination. Whether you're looking for good narrative essay topics or aren't certain how to decide on the most appropriate one from the list of good descriptive essay topics, make sure to reassess our topics' selection as we guarantee you will definitely find something to meet your requirements. At the close of the day, the essay topics you pick can make a tremendous influence on your final grade. If you wish to acquire high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for a sensible price, you should probably attempt using EssaySupply.com. Given there are many aspects that run for the website, you will be happy to know there are plenty of topics you may choose from when writing a creative essay on Dubai. Remember your final grade significantly is contingent on the topic. For instance, you can select a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. The Great Descriptive Essay Topics Stories Perhaps the most crucial thing that you have to not forget is that you're required to compose an essay instead of simply to describe something. You will love our work. There are also a number of methods by which you are able to make things work for yourself. When you begin choosing the topic, please assure that you're likely to write about something which will bring in people's attention and grasp their interest. The Lost Secret of Great Descriptive Essay Topics In the end, t he conclusion paragraph produces an overview of the entirety of your essay. Describe someone who made a fantastic contribution to the history. A person you have great respect for 4. Actually, you can describe a subject of any size and nature, but it's almost not possible to prepare a superior descriptive essay in case you do not really like it.

Pglo Free Essays

2/15/2013 background on transformation of bacteria with pGLO plasmid Experiment #5 Aim: Purpose of this lab is to have plasmid activity transformed Material: Bacteria starter plate, pGLO DNA Plasmid, microcentrifuge tubes, Ice, water bath, CaCl2 Transformation solution, (LB) agar plate, (LB/Amp) agar plate, (LB/Amp/ara) agar plate, Micropipette, and Micropipette tips. Method: Genetic transformation is a procedure which is done by taking genes from one organism and putting them in another organism. A gene is a piece of DNA that instruct for making a new protein and from this protein organism a certain trait. We will write a custom essay sample on Pglo or any similar topic only for you Order Now A gene is inserted into an organism in order to change the organism’s trait. This procedure lab is divided into two day lab. On day one, we started the procedure with getting agar plate where HB101 bacteria were growing for 24 hours at 37C. We began by first labeling two microtubes; one with (+pGLO) and second with (-pGLO). 250ul of transformation solution which we used (CaCl2) was transfer to each tubes and placed those tubes on ice. HB101 bacteria single colony was picked by using sterile inoculation loop and immersed into (+pGLO) tube and later immersed into (-pGLO) using same technique. Both time we used different sterile inoculation loop. The tubes were placed back into the ice after mixing well the colony each time. The pGLO plasmid DNA was added by the instructor into (+pGLO) not into (-PGLO) tube and placed the tube back into ice. The tubes were incubated on ice for 10 minutes. Once done incubating both tubes were performed heat shocks at 42 degree C temperature for 50 second. Both tubes were immediately placed into the ice for another 2 minutes. After 2 minutes, 250ul of LB broth was added to each tube and again incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Once the incubation was done, we transferred 100ul of cell suspension to the plates which was provided by using the table LB/Amp| LB/Amp/ara| LB/Amp| LB| (+pGLO)| (+pGLO)| (-pGLO)| (-pGLO)| Once the cell suspension was transferred, cells were gently spread 10 swipes using inoculation loop on the agar and rotated the plate 45 degree. The plates were placed into incubator at 37 degrees by turning he tubes upside down and taping them. Result: How to cite Pglo, Essay examples

The Sabbath was made for man and not man for the Sabbath Essay Example

The Sabbath was made for man and not man for the Sabbath Essay This is a microcosm of the attitude to which Jesus held regarding the Sabbath. The Sabbath concerns two events. They are the creation of the world and the Jews release from slavery. God gave the day to the Jews to hold as a day of rest in honour of him. What is under discussion here, is, how do we interpret this? The answer is unclear and indeed ambiguous. There are two extreme views already on the matter. Liberals believe that it is not essential to devote all that much time to Jesus, Fundamentalists believe that every little detail of the Sabbath law should be observed and carried out. The question is: Which one is right? Is either?In Marks Gospel there are three main chapter incidents regarding Jesus and the Sabbath.In 1:21-28 there is no conflict between Jesus and religious leaders. This parable merely highlights Jesus attitude to the Sabbath and he tries to express his message that the law of love comes before the love of law and that we must do our best to help others, regardle ss of what day it is.In 2:23-27 Jesus harvests some corn from a cornfield. The Pharisees considered this a very serious offence, as Jewish laws regarding work on the Sabbath were very strict. When the Pharisees questioned his actions Jesus responded echoing Davids actions of the same kind upon them. He then said that the Son of Man is Lord even of the Sabbath. This is, I think, key to understanding the aspect. Here we see Jesus rebelling against Jewish Laws and acting as if he were above them to some of the most powerful people around. He is ultimately risking his life for his beliefs, which are against tradition and law; this shows that we too should perhaps take them just as seriously. It could be argued that perhaps Jesus should have known better, being the prophet that he is, but on the same level, you could also say that his actions were to make a point. He is trying to express that these trivial laws shouldnt have to act as a burden upon us, that if they do so we would be bett er off without them.3:1-6 is like the Lord of the Sabbath, except, in a way, the roles are reversed. This time the Pharisees are trying to make a point. Now, in these days the Pharisees were meant to do all they could to make sure that the proper laws were carried out. This also meant that they had to set a good example and abide by them laws themselves. In this parable we see Jesus meeting a man with a shrivelled hand in the Synagogue. The Pharisees watched him closely to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath. This shows that the Pharisees had no real respect for the Sabbath Law; they just wanted to ensure that everyone else kept it. Jesus asked the Pharisees:Which is lawful on the Sabbath: to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill?Jesus had a point here, one that the Pharisees could find no response to. They went silent and Jesus healed the man. This parable shows that every opportunity must be taken to please God by pleasing others.Christians can learn that Jesus put u s on the Earth to have a good life and help others to do the same. If any law infringes this then it should be overlooked and not obeyed. Christians must learn that the Sabbath was made for them and these dim laws should not bear the authority to stop that. Christianity is about what comes from the heart. This is not to say that the Sabbath should not be worshipped at all, this is not the case. Christians should worship the Sabbath although they should not let it impede on their quality of life.

Serial Killer Edward Gein

Serial Killer Edward Gein When police went to Ed Geins Plainfield, Wisconsin, farm to investigate the disappearance of a local woman, they had no idea they would discover some of the most grotesque crimes ever committed. Gein and an accomplice had been robbing graves to find bodies for his experiments, but he decided he needed fresher corpses and began killing and dismembering women. The Gein Family Ed, his older brother, Henry, his father, George, and his mother, Augusta, lived on a  farm a few miles outside Plainfield. George was an alcoholic, and Augusta, a religious fanatic, was a demanding and overbearing woman. She loathed George, but due to her deep religious beliefs, divorce wasnt an option. Augusta had run a small grocery store until she purchased the farm. She picked it because it was secluded and she wanted to keep outsiders  from influencing her sons. The boys left the farm only for school, and Augusta blocked their attempts to have friends. As far back as Ed could remember, Augusta either delegated farm work for the boys or quoted the Gospel. She labored to teach them about sin, especially the evils of sex and women. Ed was small and  appeared effeminate. He often laughed randomly, as if at his own jokes, which resulted in bullying. In 1940, when Ed was 34, George died as a result of his alcoholism. Four years later Henry died while fighting a fire. Ed was now responsible for the welfare of his domineering mother, tending to her until her death in 1945. Ed, now alone, sealed off all but one room and the kitchen of the farmhouse. He no longer worked the farm after the government began paying him under a soil conservation program. Local handyman jobs subsidized his income. Fantasy of Sex and Dismemberment Ed stayed to himself, spending hours obsessed with sexual fantasy and reading about female anatomy. Human experiments performed in Nazi camps also fascinated him. As his mental images of sex and dismemberment merged, Ed reached gratification. He told Gus, another loner and longtime friend, about experiments he wanted to perform, but he needed bodies, so together they began robbing graves, including that of Eds mother. Over ten years, experiments with the corpses became more gruesome and bizarre, including  necrophilia and cannibalism. Ed then returned the corpses to their graves, except for parts he kept as trophies. His obsession centered  on his overpowering desire to turn himself into a woman. He constructed items from womens skin that he could drape on himself, such as female masks and breasts. He even made a body-size female-like jumpsuit. Mary Hogan Grave robbing was his  only source of bodies until Ed decided that perfecting his sex change required fresher corpses. On Dec. 8, 1954, Ed killed tavern owner Mary Hogan. Police couldnt solve her disappearance, but evidence at the tavern indicated foul play. Gus wasnt involved in the murder, having been  institutionalized beforehand. Bernice Worden On Nov. 16, 1957, Ed entered  Bernice Wordens  hardware store, a place he had been  hundreds of times, so Bernice had no reason to fear him, even when he removed a .22 rifle from the display rack. After putting his own bullet into the rifle, Ed shot  Bernice, placed her body into the store truck, returned to get the cash register, and drove to his home. An investigation into  Bernices disappearance began after her son, Frank, a deputy sheriff, returned late that afternoon from a hunting trip and discovered his mother missing and blood on the floor of the store.  Although Ed had no criminal history, Waushara County Sheriff Art  Schley felt it was time to visit the  odd loner. Unfathomable Crimes Uncovered Police found Ed near his home, then went to his farmhouse hoping to find Bernice. They started with the shed. Working in the dark, Waushara County sheriff Art  Schley lit a torch and found Bernices naked corpse hanging upside down, disemboweled, the throat and head missing. Turning to Eds house, they found evidence  more horrific than anyone could have imagined. Everywhere they saw body parts: skulls made into bowls, jewelry made from human skin, hanging lips, chairs upholstered with human skin, facial skin that resembled masks, and a box of vulvas including his mothers, painted silver. The body parts, it was later determined, came from 15 women; some could never be identified. Wordens mothers heart was found in a pan on the stove. Ed  was committed to  Waupun State Mental Hospital for the rest of his life. It was revealed that he killed older women because of his love-hate feelings for his mother. He died of cancer at 78, and his remains were buried in his family plot in Plainfield. Ed Geins crimes as a serial killer inspired the film characters  Norman Bates (Psycho), Jame Gumb (The Silence of the Lambs) and Leatherface (Texas Chainsaw Massacre). Sources Deviant: The Shocking True Story of Ed Gein, by Harold Schechter

Franz von Hipper in World War I

Franz von Hipper in World War I Franz von Hipper - Early Life Career: Born in Weilheim in Oberbayern, Bavaria on September 13, 1863, Franz Hipper was the son of shopkeeper Anton Hipper and his wife Anna. Losing his father at age three, Hipper commenced his education in 1868 at school in Munich before moving to a gymnasium five years later. Completing his education in 1879, he entered the military as a volunteer officer. Later in the year, Hipper elected to pursue a career in the Kaiserliche Marine and traveled to Kiel. Passing the required exams, he began his training. Made a probationary sea cadet on April 12, 1881, Hipper spent the summer on the frigate SMS Niobe. Returning to the Naval Cadet School in September, he graduated in March 1882. After attending gunnery school, Hipper commenced training at sea with time aboard the training ship SMS Friedrich Carl and a world cruise aboard SMS Leipzig. Franz von Hipper - Young Officer: Returning to Kiel in October 1884, Hipper spent the winter attending the Naval Officer School before being appointed to oversee the training of recruits in the First Naval Battalion. The following fall, he passed through the Executive Officer School. After spending a year with a coastal artillery unit, Hipper received an appointment at sea as an officer aboard Friedrich Carl. Over the next three years, he moved through several ships including the armored frigate SMS Friedrich der Grosse. Hipper returned to the ship in October 1891 after completing the Torpedo Officer Course aboard SMS Blà ¼cher. After additional assignments afloat and ashore, he became senior watch officer aboard the new battleship SMS Wà ¶rth in 1894. Serving under Prince Heinrich, Hipper was promoted to senior lieutenant and awarded the Bavarian National Defense Service Medal the following year. In September 1895, he took command of the Second Torpedo-boat Reserve Division. Franz von Hipper - Rising Star: Ordered to SMS Kurfà ¼rst Friedrich Wilhelm in October 1898, Hipper remained on board for nearly a year before landing a choice assignment aboard the royal yacht SMY Hohenzollern. In this role, he attended Queen Victorias funeral in 1901 and received a number of ceremonial decorations. Promoted to lieutenant commander on June 16, 1901, Hipper assumed command of the Second Torpedo Unit the following year and flew his flag from the new cruiser SMS Niobe. Made a commander on April 5, 1905, he attended the Cruiser and Battleship Gunnery Schools in early 1906. Briefly taking command of the cruiser SMS Leipzig in April, Hipper then shifted to the new cruiser SMS Friedrich Carl in September. Turning his vessel into a crack ship, Friedrich Carl won the Kaisers Prize for best shooting in the fleet in 1907. Promoted to captain on April 6, 1907, Hipper was dubbed an Imperial Captain by Kaiser Wilhelm II. In March 1908, he assumed command of the new cruiser SMS Gneisenau and oversaw its shakedown cruise and training of the crew prior to its departure to join the German East Asia Squadron in China. Leaving the ship later in the year, Hipper returned to Kiel and spent three years overseeing the training of torpedo boat crews. Returning to sea in October 1911, he became captain of the cruiser SMS Yorck four months before being appointed chief of staff to Rear Admiral Gustav von Bachmann, the Deputy Flag Officer, Reconnaissance Forces. On January 27, 1912, following von Bachmanns promotion to command of the High Seas Fleets scouting forces, Hipper was promoted to rear admiral and made deputy commander. Franz von Hipper - World War I Begins: When Bachmann departed for the Baltic in 1913, Hipper assumed command of I Scouting Group on October 1. Containing the High Sea Fleets battlecruisers, this force possessed a mix of power and speed. Hipper was in this post when World War I began in August 1914. On the 28th of that month, he sortied with part of his force to support German vessels during the Battle of Heligoland Bight but arrived too late to take part in the action. In early November, Hipper was directed by High Seas Fleet commander Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl to take three battlecruisers, a cruiser, and four light cruisers to bombard Great Yarmouth. Attacking on November 3, he shelled the port before withdrawing back to the German base in the Jade Estuary. Franz von Hipper - Battling the Royal Navy: Due to the success of the operation, a second attack was planned for early December with the bulk of the High Seas Fleet sailing in support. Striking Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby on December 16, Hippers squadron, which had been augmented by the new battlecruiser Derfflinger, bombarded the three towns and inflicted numerous civilian casualties earning the admiral the sobriquet baby killer. Having broken the German naval codes, the Royal Navy dispatched Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty with four battlecruisers and six battleships to intercept Hipper on his return voyage to Germany. Though Beattys ships arrived in position to trap the enemy, signaling errors prevented the plan from being executed and Hipper was able to escape. In January 1915, Ingenohl directed Hipper to take his force to clear British vessels from the area around Dogger Bank. Alerted to German intentions by signals intelligence, Beatty again attempted to destroy Hippers ships. In the Battle of Dogger Bank on January 24, the two sides engaged in a running battle as the German commander attempted to escape back to base. In the fighting, Hipper saw Blà ¼cher sunk and his flagship, SMS Seydlitz severely damaged. Blame for the defeat fell to Ingenohl rather than Hipper and he was replaced by Admiral Hugo von Pohl the following month. Falling ill, Pohl in turn was replaced by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer in January 1916. Two months later, Hipper, suffering from exhaustion, requested sick leave. This was granted and he remained away from his command until May 12. Franz von Hipper - Battle of Jutland: At the end of the month, Scheer sortied with bulk of the High Seas Fleet in the hope of luring out and destroying part of the British Grand Fleet. Aware of Scheers intentions via radio intercepts, Admiral Sir John Jellicoe sailed south from Scapa Flow with the Grand Fleet while Beattys battlecruisers, augmented by four battleships, steamed in advance. On May 31, Hipper and Beattys forces met in the opening phases of the Battle of Jutland. Turning southeast to lure British battlecruiser towards the guns of the High Seas Fleet, Hipper engaged in a running battle. In the fighting, his command sank the battlecruisers HMS Indefatigable and HMS Queen Mary. Spotting the danger posed by Scheers approaching battleships, Beatty reversed course. In the fighting, the British inflicted severe damage on Hippers ships but failed to score any kills. As the battle continued, the German battlecruisers sank HMS Invincible. As the main fleets engaged, critical damage to his flagship, SMS Là ¼tzow, forced Hipper to transfer his flag to the battlecruiser Moltke. Attempting to maintain his forces station for the remainder of the battle, Hipper saw his badly damaged battlecruisers compelled to limp back to Germany after Scheer was able to evade the enemy during the night. For his performance at Jutland he was awarded the Pour le Mà ©rite on June 5. With his squadron crippled, Hipper received command of large detachment of the High Seas Fleet following the battle. Over the next two years, the High Seas Fleet remained largely inactive as it lacked the numbers to challenge the British. When Scheer ascended to become Chief of the Naval Staff on August 12, 1918, Hipper took command of the fleet. Franz von Hipper - Later Career: With German forces on the Western Front reeling, Scheer and Hipper planned a final effort for the High Seas Fleet in October 1918. After mounting attacks on the Thames Estuary and Flanders, the fleet would engage the Grand Fleet. As ships were concentrating at Wilhelmshaven hundreds of sailors began to desert. This was followed by several mutinies beginning on October 29. With the fleet in open revolt, Scheer and Hipper had no choice but to cancel the operation. Going ashore on November 9, he watched as the fleet departed for internment at Scapa Flow later that month. With the end of the war, Hipper asked to be placed on the inactive list on December 2 before retiring eleven days later. After evading German revolutionaries in 1919, Hipper retired to a quiet life in Altona, Germany. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he elected not to write a memoir of the war and later died on May 25, 1932. Cremated, Hippers remains were buried in Weilheim in Oberbayern. The Nazi-era Kriegsmarine later named a cruiser Admiral Hipper in his honor. Selected Sources First World War I: Franz von HipperFranz Ritter von Hipper History Today: Franz von Hipper

Equity and trust law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equity and trust law - Essay Example eform proposals are in the process of being finalized into legislation, it has been the relevant case law which has served as a guide in order to determine whether or not an organization can qualify for charitable status. The case of Commissioners for Special Purposes v Pemsel2 laid out four categories that would automatically qualify an organization to receive charitable status, which are (a) advancement of religion (b) advancement of education (b) advancement of religion (c) relief of poverty and (d) other purposes beneficial to the community. The Charities Bill of 19933 also has the provision whereby, when a charitable trust fails due to difficulties in literal compliance with the intention of a testator, the doctrine of CyPress can be applied as a flexible policy option to prevent a trust resulting to its donors or the crown. Applying the Pemsel qualification, New Dawn must qualify under the category of advancement of religion, Democracy under the category of advancement of educa tion and Medi Aid under the category of other purposes beneficial to the Community. Ans 1: One of the criteria for determining whether or not a trust could be deemed to be charitable would depend upon whether it can be described as a valid purpose trust. In the case of Re Lipinski4 Oliver J draws a distinction in a testamentary disposition, between a purpose which is invalid (excluding tombs, animals and monuments cases), and a ‘people trust’ which is valid. Another case that highlights the question of purpose is A.G. of the Caymen Islands v Wahr Hansen5 . In this case, the Privy Council rejected the formulation of charitable trusts on the basis of a general purpose, since a general purpose demonstrates an intention that is wider than that which will benefit objects that are strictly charitable. In the case of Chicester Diocesan Fund v Simpson6, a similar application of a broad purpose had been examined, where a distinction was made between a gift that was â€Å"benevolent† and

Intermediate Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Intermediate Microeconomics - Essay Example es alike : all declared bankruptcy and the State had to infuse millions of $s into the economy in the form of economic stimulus to keep the economy from completely crunching. "This collapse in housing value is sucking in all borrowers," said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moodys Economy.com. The New York Times quotes â€Å"Like subprime mortgages, many prime loans made in the United States in recent years allowed borrowers to pay less initially and face higher adjustable payments a few years later. As long as home prices were rising, these borrowers could refinance their loans or sell their properties to pay off their mortgages. But now, with prices falling and lenders clamping down, homeowners with solid credit are starting to come under the same financial stress as those with subprime credit.† An article in the WSJ [2007] speaks about the sub prime crisis and its analysis by the Journal., â€Å"To examine the surge in subprime lending, the Wall Street Journal analyzed more than 250 million records on mortgage applications and originations filed by lenders under the federal Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. Subprime mortgages were initially aimed at lower-income consumers with spotty credit. But the data contradict the conventional wisdom that subprime borrowers are overwhelmingly low-income residents of inner cities. Although the concentration of high-rate loans is higher in poorer communities, the numbers show that high-rate lending also rose sharply in middle-class and wealthier communities†. According to the same article, even in 2006, when the housing market was weakening, some lenders were still willing to make riskier loans. The analysis of loan data by The Wall Street Journal indicates that from 2004 to 2006, when residential property prices were at their peak i n many parts of the country, more than 2,500 banks, thrifts, credit unions and mortgage companies made a combined $1.5 trillion in high-interest-rate loans.†This article describes how the subprime

Impact of Management and Leadership styles

Impact of Management and Leadership styles Managers are who  do things right  and leaders are who  do the right thing The general concept according to my understanding from various literature reviews are that Leaders leads people and managers manage all things in organization, furthermore to my concepts the important point is that leaders are the people who bring changes in organizations and managers may be considered as people who sustain the day to day organisational activities. The main point in this task 1, to explain the link between Leadership and management of an organisation, here I am elaborating leadership and management of Martin McColl, this organisation having approximately 1,000 outlets and 50,000 employees across United Kingdom, the main focus of the company is on Books, Cards, Magazines, Confectionary, Toys and Drinks etc. Link between strategic management and leadership: Orders which are passed down from leader and the managers role is to pass orders down the chain of command A leader is described as someone who has the capacity to create a vision, and to translate it into action and sustain it (Bennis, 1989), this statement can also be justified as there are differences between management and leadership, although functionally they can be combined in the same individual (John Kotter, 1990). Leadership without Easy Answers by Ronald A. Heifetz, According to In business, we see an evolution of the concept of leadership. For decades, the term leadership referred to the people who hold top management positions and the functions they serve. In our common usage, it still does. Recently, however, business people have drawn a distinction between leadership and management, and exercising leadership has also come to mean providing a vision and influencing others to realize it through non-coercive means. Roosevelt says about link between leaders and managers that People ask the difference between a leader and a boss, the leader works in the open, and the boss in secret. The leader leads and the boss drive. This report review explains the relationship between leaders and managers that they perform on their position within the organization, they work together to achieve the goals of organization. Leaders think about goals and are active instead of reactive in shaping ideas. Managers act to limit choices. Leaders develop fresh approaches to long-standing problems and open issues to new options. A manager is a problem solver- what problems have to be solved and what are the best ways to achieve results? Link between leaders and management has strong impact in organization. Managers Managers administer. Follow the established course. Ensure that people do things. Ensure that people do things better. Leadership Leaders innovate. Establish the course that managers follow. Ensure that people want to do things. Ensure that people do the right things. Ensure that people do better things. Source: international business-society management by Tulder, Zwart. Example in McColl: As I explained the literature review above, I am evaluating these literatures with the help of Martin McColl example. Martin McColl under the Steve Leadership management is very successful. There is a strong link between leader and management. Leader and managers keeps link through video conferences, mails and telephone. Meetings for internal discussions are kept to a set of guidelines intended to maximize productivity, and minimize cost, to achieve a result. Focus is on external parameters, particularly the customer and the image of the company. Priority in Martin is given always to activity that enhances the customer experience, improves efficiency or increases revenue and profitability. There is an enormous level of mutual respect built between the leadership group and the teams. People are appropriately motivated, and rewarded for their performance based upon their motivational modality. It is important to remember here, that not everyone is motivated by a monetary reward, or a standard trophy. A Truly Great Leader understands this, and uses to their advantage. On 28 Nov 2010 major snow fall hits Scotland. There were problems with many routes. Managers must come on time thats managers responsibility. On the day of snow martin McColl managers came on time in all branches while travel was very difficult due to the heavy snow but all managers reached on time and have done their work because it was not easy for anyone to come out house. So that was a great achievement under the best leadership. Managers are also leaders. Link between leaders and management has strong impact in decision making in organization and this impact effect in every place and every area in McColl such as finance, marketing, policies. Impact of management and leadership style on Strategic Decision: Decisions are at the heart of leader success, and at times there are critical moments when they can be difficult Organizations all over the world are deeply concerned with understanding, searching and developing leadership. Regardless of the type of organization, leadership is discerned to play a vital role in establishing high performing teams. Leaders are facing greater challenges than ever before due to the increased environmental complexity and the changing nature of the organization. The current era not only demands having a competitive edge and sustained profitability but also the maintenance of ethical standards, complying with civic commitments and establishing a safe and equitable work environment. Leadership is one of the critical elements in enhancing organizational performance. Being responsible for the development and execution of strategic organizational decisions, leaders have to acquire, develop and deploy organizational resources optimally in order to bring out the best products and services in the best interest of stakeholders. In short, effective leadership is the main cause of competitive advantage for any kind of organization (Zhu et al., 2005; Avolio, 1999; Lado et al., 1992; Rowe, 2001) Decentralised structure: In Martin McColl autocratic leadership style portrays that manager retains as much power and decision making authority as possible. These leadership styles utilize different sources of power and impact differently on the levels and extent to which staff consider them as making a contribution to organizational decision making. Both the quality and extent of staff participation in decision-making tends to wane. Each store of  McColl  has a store manager who can make certain decisions concerning their store. The store manager is responsible to a regional manager senior managers have time to concentrate on the most important decisions. Collaboration with group members: Martin McColl leader makes decisions in collaboration with group members, often using majority rules or similar social decision schemes, whereas a consultative leader makes decisions, after talking with group members about their opinions. Empowerment: McColl managers tend to be more focused on productivity targets and achievement of objectives. Their power is based on their ability to achieve targets, often as a result of quick decisions. Decision making is a form of empowerment. In McColl stores Empowerment is increase motivation and therefore means that staff output increases. Knowledge skills: People lower down the chain have a greater understanding of the environment they work in and the people (customers and colleagues) that they interact with.   This knowledge skills and experience may enable them to make more effective decisions than senior managers. Faster Changes: Participative styles in McColl enabling departments and their employees to respond faster to changes and new challenges. Whereas it may take senior managers longer to appreciate that business needs have changed. 1.2 Example in Martin McColl: Martin McColl is UK based corporate company. Martin McColl has a democratic leadership where subordinates involve in decision-making. Company has a board of directors and Steve is a head of directors.   It is seen that Martin has authoritarian systems in which their people work as directed. Merger and acquisition continued in martin McColl. In 1998 Forbuoys acquired Martin Retail Group which was before RS McColl. In 1999 company launch new convenience concept McColls. In 2004 the company acquired Dillon stores. In 2005 company changed its name to Martin McColl Retail Group and now martin is the UKs leading neighbour retailing group. These changes allow leaders and managers to makes good decisions which give the strength to business. These changes brought many changes such as economic condition been changed, development changed, competition increased this changes brought new markets like stationery stores, specialist card shops. Furthermore supermarkets like Tesco and Sainsburys were selling everything that Martin did. So there was a big competition. Knowledge sharing and strong communication always been there so the strategy of Martin was focus on its core activities and increase, improving buying power sell higher margin items and makes their with sales of newer lines. Company have a wide variety of roles at two head offices in Scotland and Brentwood. Here company centralise core business divisions including Central Retail Operations, Trading, Marketing, Finance, Supply Chain, Business System etc. In all these above cases, management and leaders realized that changes were occurred and react actively. And in all these cases, they responded only when the competition forced them to do so. Conclusion: In making decision, consider the fit between leadership style and the characteristics of organization. Even more important, remember that things change. Look for flexibility. The very best leaders are those who have learned how to shift from one leadership style to another as circumstances demand. If one candidate shows evidence of being able to move smoothly among several of these styles, that may tip the balance. 1.3: Leadership style adaptation to different situation: Leadership style is the typical approach of a particular person used to lead people. Management theorists try to discover one best leadership style for all situations. Researchers say that there are internal and external environments that have significant impact on leader effectiveness. For example in limited external opportunities leaders are constrained by competition, legislation, technology, changing markets and limited resources when making strategic decisions. Fiedler (1967), who conducted extensive research on the situational aspects of leadership effectiveness, identified factors that determine what style of leader performed best. He examined correlations between test scores of leaders and their performance related to situational factors. The relations-motivated leader performs best where the leader position is not strong. Task-motivated leaders perform best when the leader-member relations are good and the leader power position is strong. The latter category represents poor member relations and a weak leader who is attempting to deal with a poor situation. B ecause that situation is unfavourable, Fiedlers model would require a task-oriented leader to keep the situation from falling apart. An obvious alternative would be to replace the leader.   To deal with the issue of matching style to the situation, Vroom and Yetton (1973) developed an approach that deals with leader-subordinate interaction. He recognized that an effective style depended on situational variables including the leaders expertise, the task structure, and the employees willingness to accept a solution. They found that the key elements in sharing of leader power are the maximization of technical effectiveness and subordinate motivation or acceptance. If technical effectiveness is not crucial and motivation and acceptance are not important, the decisions are made by the leader alone. On the other hand, if the technical difficulties are important but motivation is low, the leader attempts to obtain more information. When technical effectiveness is unimportant but motivation and acceptance are high, delegation becomes a useful approach. Finally, if the problem is high on the technical level and there is a need for acceptance, then the decision is shared with the group. The situational determinants of leadership show that there is frequently, but not necessarily optimally, a consistency in the behaviour of a leader when he or she performs in different situations. As the organization grows, team building and the exchange of ideas become more important. Involvement tactics are used more frequently. Now the organizational units are formed and the biggest question is how the work should be divided. This requires negotiation. Once the company is into production, tasks are more routine, but time is critical. This calls for more direction. Throughout, indirection, enlistment, redirection, and repudiation may be used. The tactics and when to use them are summarized in Table 2. According to Daniel Goleman six styles of leading have different effects on the emotions of the target followers and each style appropriately as the circumstances. Which are: Visionary leader, Coaching leader, Democratic leader, Affiliative leader, Pace-setting leader, Commanding leader. As Goleman provides a good framework of leadership styles so I can say that its absolutely true that no leader always leads in a particular style but adapts to situations. Few styles are there including Goleman styles, these styles are generally the most effective. Attached table 1. There are five basis of power Coercive power, Reward power, Expert power, legitimate power, and Referent power. These five bases of power introduced by French and Raven in 1959. Among the five bases of power there are three bases in which the Steve leadership is founded. These are legitimate power, expert power and referent power. Through his position he is able to lead the companys people. His experience in the company makes him very knowledgeable of the company and its customers. He motivates people and constantly empowers them. He is also charismatic. Example of Martin McColl: Employee Relationship: As a participating leadership in the past few years Martin performance and profitability have been transformed by employee engagement; which show a clear improving engagement and improving performance of employee. Martin engaged employees indicate they have a good understanding of how to meet customer needs. Individual employees in companies with strong engagement strategies described to us how their working lives have been transformed for the better. Customer focused strategy: Martin leaders have vision thats why they set objectives of company and have customer retention strategy for this they having promotional sale and delivering newspaper. Martin McColl customers are familiar with what newspapers and magazines in their local store and know the prices they normally paid. As a result, Martin delivering ordered newspapers at their home. Early experiments in began and, by the end of 2008, Martin was making 200 deliveries a week in an area a very small beginning. Ethical behaviour: McColl leadership thinking ethically and behaving ethically in UK thats why they are taking responsible decisions. They reduced to use of plastic bags. Martin corporate social responsibility is concerned with the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance. Martin negotiating better promotional prices from suppliers that small individual chains are unable to match. The product and service development processes of the martin have been substantially re-engineered, to facilitate better management of product lifecycles and more efficient delivery of wide ranges of products to customers. Product activity has focused on enhancing core ranges and introducing quality products. Martins innovative ways of improving the customer shopping experience, as well as its efforts to branch out into finance and insurance have also capitalized on strong brand reputation Financial Environment: Under great leadership a strong financial performance has been shown by the company over the years, which underlines its strategic capabilities.   According to Data monitor (2010), Martin is a  £ 30billion turnover company recording an increase of 14.9% when compared to 2008. The foremost strategy that has been adopted by the company is the product and services customization in accordance with the market demands.   The efficiency in performance of the company over the last decade can be summarised with the help of growth in following key indicators (Fame, 2010) Diversity: In the past, Martin approach to emerging markets has tended to be almost exclusively from their own perspective, seeing them simply as markets, with little real empathy for the new customers needs and desires. One of the big problems is that the vast majority of senior managers in corporations come from the home county but Martin Company and their leaders always ready to cope with such diversity at top executive level. Environmental factors: In environmentally as Martin entered into more and more partnerships or joint ventures many of which are formed with companies from different cultures. So leaders who are able to create and sustain such relationships give their company a valuable collaborative advantage. In my view, this relationship approach to business represents a major challenge to Martin. By senior executives Martin establishing good personal relationships in which trust and mutual understanding can develop. Corporate culture Founding Vision Company ways of doing things Values system LEADERSHIP STYLES Different Situations Employees relationship Customer focused Production Financial Environment Diversity Environmental factors A good understanding of situation trains leaders to change their style, like a driver changes gear in a car. Martins success had come, despite many siren voices, from persevering with its original model, and Bradley, the companys chief operating ofà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cer, puts that down to the personal backing of Windsor, Martins low-key chief executive. One solidly based on experience, trust, and judgment. Conclusion Dynamic changing situations require different leader behaviours. These behaviours can take the form of patterns of behaviours termed leadership style, or leadership tactics. Selecting leaders with different leadership styles is inefficient. It is far more effective to select flexible leaders who have the capability of using different tactics under different conditions. While the leaders may occasionally learn to change their styles to suit the circumstances, leadership styles are likely to remain fairly stable overall. Therefore, a certain style affects the leaders/managers managerial decisions over extended periods, with a particular style being more effective under a specific set of circumstance. 2.1 Impact of Theories on organizational strategy: When we think about management and leadership, the image comes in our mind that these are powerful dynamic individual who commands people. Yesterday principles and theories are contemporary and sophisticated. Some overlap and gaps occurs. Current theories fill these gaps and after to study that people are dealing to current situation. There are many theories of management and leadership, these are defined as: Behavioural theory, Contingency theory, Functional theory, Great man theory, Situational theory, Trait theory, Transactional theory, Transformational theory. Major models and approaches are: Adaptive leadership and appreciative leadership Many leaders and managers have his or her own style. Some common styles are: Autocratic, Bureaucratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire. There is a difference between theories and leadership models that leadership theory is an explanation of some aspect of leadership, these are used to better understand and control successful leadership and leadership model is an example for use in a given situation. Each one has strengths and weaknesses, and each one has its appropriate uses. Here I am selected two current management and leadership theories which are Transactional leadership and Transformational Leadership. Transactional and transformational leadership has been of great interest to many researchers in the current era. Adopting either transformational and transactional leadership behaviour helps in the success of the organization (Laohavichien et al., 2009). This might be the reason that different authors of the recent past considered transactional and transformational leadership as predicating variables and investigated their relatedness with other criterion variables. Both transformational leadership and transactional leadership help in predicting subordinates satisfaction with their leaders (Bennett, 2009) Transformational Leadership: Transformational leadership theory has captured the interest of many researchers in the field of organizational leadership over the past three decades. This theory was developed by Burns (1978) and later enhanced by Bass (1985, 1998) and others (Avolio Bass, 1988; Bass Avolio, 1994; Bennis Nanus, 1985; Tichy Devanna, 1986). The major premise of the transformational leadership theory is the leaders ability to motivate the follower to accomplish more than what the follower planned to accomplish (Krishnan, 2005). Transformational leadership has four components: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1985). Burns postulated that transformational leaders inspire followers to accomplish more by concentrating on the followers values and helping the follower align these values with the values of the organization. Research has also shown that transformational leadership impacts employee commitment to organizational change (Yu, Leithwood, Jantzi, 2002) and organizational conditions (Lam, Wei, Pan, Chan, 2002). Due to its impact on organizational outcomes, transformational leadership is needed in all organizations (Tucker Russell, 2004). Transformational leadership identifying and developing core values and unifying purpose, developing leadership and effective followership, utilizing interaction-focused organizational design, and building interconnectedness (Hickman, 1997, p. 2). Transformational leaders work to bring about human and economic transformation. Within the organization they generate visions, missions, goals, and a culture that contributes to the ability of individuals, groups, and the organization to practice its values and serve its purpose (Hickman, 1997, p. 9). These leaders are reliable leaders who generate commitment from followers which results in a sense of shared purpose (Waddock Post, 1991). The leaders ability to inspire, motivate, and foster commitment to a shared pur pose is crucial (Bass, Waldman et al., 1987). According to Bass and Avolio, transformational leaders display behaviours associated with five transformational styles wich are attached in table 4. Organizational culture: According to Schein (1985, 1995), the leaders beliefs, values, and assumptions shape the culture of the organization and these beliefs, values, and assumptions are then taught to other members of the organization. Schein also stated that leaders have the power to embed organizational culture through various methods such as mentoring, role modeling, and teaching. Bass and Avolio (1993). Organizational Vision Transformational leadership has four components: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1985) which involves motivating people, establishing a foundation for leadership authority and integrity, and inspiring a shared vision of the future (Tracey Hinkin, 1998). Idealized influence and inspirational motivation are connected with the leaders ability to formulate and articulate a shared vision (Dionne, Yammarino, Atwater, Spangler, 2004). Transformational leadership creates a desire for people to work as a team, in an enjoyable and non-threatening culture, yet always with an expectation of excellence. It creates a How To approach to problem solving and development of new concepts, it allows for early warnings of imminent threats and weaknesses in the organization and strongly encourages celebration of strengths and aggressive pursuit of suitably qualified opportunities. Transformational Leadership is demonstrated from the highest level in the organization, and rewarded all the way through the management layers. It is charismatic, passionate and inspirational and attracts the very best candidates for available roles. Everyone in the organization clearly understands the culture, goals and expectations of the organization. Transactional Leadership: Transactional leadership is cantered on leader follower exchanges. Followers perform according to the will and direction of the leaders and leaders positively reward the efforts. The baseline is reward which can be negative like punitive action, if followers fail to comply with or it can be positive like praise and recognition, if subordinates comply with the intent and direction settled by a leader and achieve the given objectives. Four core facets of transactional leadership as described by Schermerhorn et al., (2000) are contingent rewards, active management by exception, and passive management by exception. Example of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Leadership Styles: Bill Gates is a businessman, and chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. Gates is one of the best known entrepreneurs of personal computer revolution. Steve jobs business magnate and inventor. He is well-known for being the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple. Both have Transformational leadership style but both transformation styles have different impact on business in same industry. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Leadership style: Bill Gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinate in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed he bring professional manager for managing and well structure of the organization? Gates is a strong and energizing person his enthusiasm, hardworking  nature, judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. On the other hand, Steve Jobs leadership is autocratic style, because he centralizes the authority, he never given a chance to subordinate to involving decision making. He thinks that whatever he do is right. His  relation with employees not good, he fails to motivate his employees in many times. Sometimes he acts as anti-Gates, and sometimes request Microsoft to develop software for his computer.  His cocky attitude and lack of management skills became a threat of APPLES succe ss. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs both gave their heart souls to developing their vision to develop personal computer,  but the way they choose was different from other. Bill gates develop computer language new Altair 8080 pc which became the foundation of Microsoft. Bill continuously develops two other computer languages. When IBM develops their first pc and which need operating system to run the computer,  Microsoft develops MS-DOS for IBM. Gates adopting the changes very fast that are his enthusiasm vision and hardworking give him the success. Gates always recognized him as a visionary he always recognize professional management, he decentralize authority to make organization structure better. On the other hand Steve Jobs started apple computer which is hard ware making company. His vision to develop computer with affordable cost and easy to use. When Bill offer the basic to jobs then he rejected jobs proposal and try to develop their own basic without knowledge of programming, he fail and accept license with Microsoft basic. Jobs play duel personality sometimes he oppose Microsoft sometimes request Microsoft to develop software for their operating system. Jobs force people to choose between Microsoft-IBM operating system and his MAC-operating system. Lack of proper management skills and relation  with employees became a barrier of APPLEs growth. Impact of Management and leadership theories on organizational strategy. With the success of windows, Office Application and Internet explorer Microsoft became a house hold name and Bill gates became as business genius. Bill Gates adopting the changes very fast his innovative mind all time busy to developing products. Recent Microsoft develops a number of products like smartphone with loaded Microsoft window.   On the other hand APPLE goes wrong direction in 1990s. Because Steve Jobs is very slow to adopting changes thats the main reason falling the market share. When Jobs realize changes is the only way to survive the market then apple develops innovative iMac which is internet friendly stylist computer.  After sometime Apple gains market. With the iPhone, Apple TV,  and name charges job co are setting a new course for the outfit  once knows only for its computer. The new name and device represent APPLEs strategic shift away from its  origins as a personal computing company that has at point struggled both survive and to set the computing worlds agenda. 2.2 Leadership strategy that supports organizational direction: Transformational leaders also help in the acceptance of organizational change (Bommer et al., 2004) Transactional leadership style provides high satisfaction and organizational identification. (Wu, 2009; Epitropaki and Martin, 2005). Transformational and transactional leadership strategy support organizational direction in term of efficiency, reliability, innovation and adaptation, turnaround leadership etc. Efficiency: In apple company Transformational leadership more effective at creating and sharing knowledge at the individual and group levels, while transactional leadership is more effective at exploiting knowledge at the organizational level. Reliability: Computers are an important investment and in todays economy, more than ever, its important for consumers to know the reliability of the product they are purchasing. Apple  reliability  report, Rescuecom revealed that Apple scored the highest with 700 points, with Panasonic following in on its footsteps with a score of 489. In a descending manner, Lenovo, Toshiba, and HP were listed with scores cumulating 393, 299, and 184 points, respectively. Innovation:

The Body Shop Marketing Essay

1) Anita Roddick created the body shop in 1976 with the objective of opening an environmentally conscious cosmetic store. Today, the Body Shop (BS) has grown from being a single â€Å"hippie† store in England to a multinational company with over 2265 stores in 50 countries enjoying sales of ? 820,000 in 2006/2007 period. (mintel 2006) People say that â€Å"one person cannot make a difference† but Anita Roddick proved it wrong by sticking to here ideals and ideas of doing business. This extract from the Body Shop’s mission statement ‘to dedicate our business to the pursuit of social and environmental change’ (www. thebodyshop. co. uk), shows us how she created a new way of dealing with customer needs and wants. She saw it as a better option to put customer and society in the first place and by doing so, gain sales for good conduct. This way of doing business was not only proved to be extremely successful but many marketers followed the BS concepts, attempting to maximise potential profit by imitating Dame Anita Roddick’s set of ideals or values. Throughout this essay, we will investigate how Anita Roddick successfully used marketing tools to promote her chain of shops and her strong principles and see how today’s businesses can follow Roddick’s footsteps in successfully targeting the emergence of new consumer groups in the organic food market. Anita Roddick’s BS has not been an immense success for no reason. An explanation of the BS general success in world markets is that she was one of the pioneers in developing a more ethically based business. We will have a look at how she maximised the 4 P’s (product, place, promotion and price) to promote her chain of shops and strong principles. Product The BS sells and produces cosmetics and toiletries made from natural ingredients all over the world targeting principally women with a medium to high income and with deep social conscience and commitment. Its product range can be divided into eight categories each including a range of quality products. Each body lotion, shampoo, bath & shower gel, etc. comes in different sizes in recycled, recyclable or biodegradable packaging. The Product Life Cycle of the BS is still in the growing stages as competition is still increasing due to an increase in interest in the industry’s potential. Furthermore, the market is continuously evolving as more and more people become more ethically aware. Branding is very important as it differentiates the company from other skincare companies. Anita Roddick managed to create a brand which positioned itself as promoting good environmental ethics at a time where Europe was becoming â€Å"greener†, strongly differentiating itself from companies looking to increase profits at any legal cost to the environment and to society. But since the French cosmetic giant L’Oreal bought the BS, BrandIndex measured a drastic drop in the ratings of BS reputation. Even though, the company promised to keep its ethical cosmetic brand intact, the public’s opinion on the BS did not take long to change. (http://www. brandrepublic. com) Price The Body Shop has been able to set premium prices because of the assumption that people would be willing to pay more for a product which they think is contributing to social and ethical issues. The fact that the BS is involved in issues such as fair trade, animal testing and has strong environmental views gave them the competitive advantage of product differentiation. But since competitors such as Boots or Bath & Bodyworks in the states have started their own natural product range at prices below the BS, profits have decreased in comparison to previous years. From 2002 to 2003 sales grew by only 5% compared with competitors whose sales rose by 27% in the same period. It could also be said that the BS prices are in the mid market pricing range as there are products more expensive such as for example Boots natural-based products but much cheaper than Chanel or Estee Lauder beauty products. Furthermore, the cost of production of the BS products may be higher because of fair trade issues with local communities. But critiques say that the â€Å"Trade not Aid† projects are simply a marketing tool and that not even 1% of the sales go to the projects. (www. mcspotlight. org) Promotion The BS way of advertising has mostly been done through indirect advertising. Indeed, by associating themselves to Greenpeace or the save the whales project or by doing fare trade with indigenous communities for example, journals, newspapers and magazines have written about the company’s products, campaigns and beliefs without the company actually carrying out or spending any money into promotion campaigns. The BS believes that beauty is reality and strongly disagrees on the advertising campaigns trying to glamorise their products – ‘We're saying our products will moisturize, cleanse and polish; they will not perform miracles. (Mrs Galanti, 1997). This was stated in 1997 after the release of a rare mainstream campaign called â€Å"Love your body† due to increased competition in the marketplace. The Body Shop also makes extensive use of its web site, delivery lorries and shop windows to communicate its campaigns and beliefs. Packaging is also a way of promoting a product. By showing consumers that the BS is involved in recycling plast ic bottles used in the packaging of a product for example, it positions itself furthermore in the customers mind as being an environmentally caring organisation. It also tried to push consumers to use refills but the impact of this campaign was minimal. Furthermore the BS also called for more people to recycle their old mobile phone. (Mintel, 2004) Place The BS looks closely at the store location, as customer accessibility to the store is very important. They are usually located on high streets, in department concessions depending on important factors of accessibility such as parking, visibility or even public transport. Stores are usually arranged as a boutique layout with products arranged according to their function. The atmosphere of the BS retail outlets is relaxed and sympathetic, inherent to the overall design of the BS shops. There is plenty of information on ingredients and the origin of the product available to the customer. Furthermore the BS rapid growth and international expansion was helped through franchising. Finally, the rise in demand for ethical products has provided many opportunities for marketers. Dame Anita Roddick, was one of the first to point that out and through product innovation and brand reputation, she managed to build a multinational company from virtually nothing. However, today’s cosmetic market has highly evolved and is far more competitive than it used to be. The challenge for the company is to revitalise its retail outlets, improve their product offer and brand communications in order to grow store sales and invest in employee development and customer service. 2) Markets within an economy rapidly change offering opportunities for companies to increase profit and to expand. The marketer’s job is to react to these changes and put the company in the right direction. The organic food market for example has grown rapidly with consumers increasing spending on â€Å"ethical† food by 800 million to approximately ? 5. 6 billion in 2006 (â€Å"Ethical consumerism report 2006†- Co-operative bank). Furthermore, most developed countries are seeing a rise in organic produce, ‘The organic market has boomed in recent years, growing by 25% annually on average’ – (www. timesonline. co. uk). These figures show us that the organic movement is moving on a global scale with an increase in consumer interest in how and where food is produced. It could be said that the rise in the demand for organic products is due to the rising average age and due to media spotlight. Indeed, media are constantly focusing on the consequences of climate change and on how the earth’s resources are being depleted pushing fellow human beings to act more responsibly and ethically in what food products they buy. This has lead people to believe that by eating organic food, a person will stay healthy – ‘studies in 2006 and 2007 have found higher levels of Vitamin C in organic fruit and 68 per cent higher levels of omega-3 in organic whole milk than non-organic whole milk. (www. bbc. co. uk). On the other hand, with more elderly people in the UK after the baby boom of the early 50’s, the market is likely to see people buying organic/healthy food rather than GM food offering new opportunities to marketers in terms of how to advertise and promote their products. This could be done through promotional campaigns aimed at elde rly people, informing them of the availability of organic food in their respective supermarkets or by associating the organisation to environmentally friendly associations such as Greenpeace and beneficiate of indirect advertising. To be the first to come into a customers mind as being an organisation which cares about the environment would definitely give the company a strong competitive advantage. Two of the major leading supermarkets such as Tesco and Sainsbury have both recognised these changing consumer needs and have introduced organic food and organic policies within their stores – ‘To meet this growing demand Sainsbury’s has re-launched its organic range as Sainsbury’s SO organic and is committed to broadening the appeal of and extending its comprehensive range of organic foods. ’ (www. jsainsburys. co. uk). Additionally, Sainsbury has recently ‘banned the use of palm oil from unsustainable sources in its own-brand products’ which has been argued by Greenpeace as a â€Å"positive first step† towards the end of the destruction of the Indonesian rainforest (www. marketingweek. co. uk). Another way of promoting the organisation could be to introduce fair trade products in our supermarkets aisles. This would not necessarily be done in a profit objective scheme but instead to show customers the organisation’s involvement in helping local communities even though profits could be made if an appropriate marketing strategy was applied. Another important factor to consider is packaging as it can be used for promotional purposes. This could give them an advantage over rival companies that may not sell organic food. Additionally, organisation could also concentrate on creating â€Å"greener friendly† packaging – ‘A UK company has launched a new range of convenience food packs manufactured from biodegradable plastic. ’ – showing their awareness of the influence they have on the environment and their dedication to play a role in conserving the planet. (http://www. foodanddrinkeurope. com). The difficulty for the marketer will be to set attractive and adequate organic packaging at the lowest possible prices. This brings us to price considerations. Organic food is without a doubt more expensive to produce and sell than non-organic food giving the marketer the difficult challenge of setting a competitive price with rivals and at a level that still sees the company being profitable. It is also important that marketers are aware of how much people are willing to pay for organic food in order to maximise profits. Moreover, prices are set to increase as ‘exceptionally high market growth rates are causing demand to outpace supply. (http://www. organicmonitor. com) On the other hand, The Food Standard Agency and scientists still believe that organic food as a whole, is not necessarily healthier for a person than GM food – ‘there is no scientific evidence to suggest organic food is healthier’ (www. guardian. co. uk). Furthermore, Chefs such as Gordon Ra msay argue that organic food is overpriced and questions its authenticity ‘The problem with organic food is that it has become hip and trendy, overhyped, overpriced and inconsistent. Unfortunately there is now a snob factor attached to it. ’ (www. timesonline. co. k) On this point, marketers will have to make sure that they undertake effective advertising campaigns as well as detailed branding and packaging to promote their products as being healthier than other foods in order to maintain high sales. The reason the organic market has grown so much in the last decade is definitely due to a rise in ethical consumerism. Indeed, after some companies were exposed by the media to how they really operated – i. e. illegal sweatshops for example- and the constant media coverage on the damage caused by humans to the earth, saw consumers take a more ethical approach to purchasing. This why it is so important to show consumers that the organisation is active in sustaining the earth and its resources. Today, the image of the company should be of first importance to marketers. Tesco and other supermarkets have already revised their strategy and offer for example to use plastic bags more than once- â€Å"Tesco claimed that shoppers had used one million bags less than they would normally expect. † (www. recycling-guide. org. uk). J Sainsbury’s reacted by cutting back on carbon emissions produced by their outlets- â€Å"We are currently looking at the big picture regarding carbon emissions and the part Sainsbury's play in that. We have been extremely proactive over the last 10 years on all aspects of energy efficiency. † (Alison Austin, 2007). All these supermarket behaviour changes are done in the objective to remain competitive. Marketers understand that if their company is seen to be â€Å"green† then it is likely to be successful in the market. Finally, whichever strategy marketers do choose to adopt, it will eventually determine their level of success in an ever changing society which now focuses on being ethical and more aware of the environment. Bibliography Anon. , November 2007, â€Å"Food matters†, BBC. Anon. , March,2006, Body Shop at a glance, FT. om, London, pg 1. Anon. , June 2003,Anita Roddick, Director, London, Vol. 56(11), pg. 60. Anon. , August 2007, Growth opportunity for organic market, Retail world, Vol. 60(16), pg. 22. Brassington F. and Pettitt S. , 2003, Principles of Marketing. 3rd ed. , Pearson Education Limited. Callan E. , May 2006, L’Oreal says it is c ontent with Bady Shop’s ethics GENERAL REATILERS; 1st Ed. , Financial Times, London (UK), pg. 17. Coles A. , Harris L. , 2006, Ethical Consumers and e-Commerce: The Emergence and Growth of Fair Trade in the UK, Journal of Reasearch for Consumers, Crawley: (10), pg. , 6 pgs. Guthrie J. , September 2007, Activist who inspired a business generation; [LONDON 2ND EDITION], Financial Times, London (UK), pg 21. Marketing Week, September 2007, Ehtical consumerism: Lacking in green conviction, London: pg 28. Marketing Week, January 2007, Market research: Unlock the power of brands, London: pg 23 Jack L. , November 2007, Greenpeace backs Sainsbury’s palm oil ban as a ‘first step’, London, Marketing Week. Hofman M. , April 2001, Anita Roddick: The Body Shop International, established in 1976, Inc. Boston: Vol. 23, Iss. 5; pg. 61, 1pgs. Mintel, 2004, Body Shop campaigns for mobile recycling Mintel, 2006, Company report Mintel, April 2007, Impact of the Environment (The) – UK. The Body Shop International PLC. 2006. Annual report and Accounts. Sample I. , October 2007, Organic food is healthier: study, The Guardian Zink W. , February 1996, The impact of recycling on the cosmetic industry, Drug & Cosmetic Industry, New York: Vol. 158 (2); pg. 42, 4pgs. Web sites Elliot S. , The Body Shop's campaign offers reality, not miracles. [WWW] [Accessed 21 November 2007] The Body Shop. 2005. The Body Shop values report. [WWW] lt; URL: http://valuesreport. thebodyshop. net/pdfs/bodyshop_valuesreport_2005. pdf; [Accessed 22 November] Bidlake S. 2006. Body Shop reputation is battered by sale to L’Oreal. [WWW] [Accessed 22 November] London Greenpeace, What’s wrong with the Body Shop [WWW] [Accessed 18 November] Anon. , 2007, Product news. [WWW] ; URL: http://jsainsburys. co. uk/index. asp? PageID=419==200 5=583; [Accessed 23 November] Anon. , 2006, Tesco Ads Result in Re-Using Plastic Bags. [WWW] [Accessed 22 November] Organic Monitor, 2006, Global Organic Food Industry Facing Supply Challenges. WWW] [Accessed 25 November] Ungoed-Thomas J. , 2007, Eat your words, all who scoff at organic food. [WWW] [Accessed 22 November] Anon. 2007, Company news [WWW] [ Accessed 23 November] Horne M. , 2006, Ramsay lays into organic food snobs. [WWW] http://timesonline. co. uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/ article625714. ece [Accessed 25 November] ElAmin A. , 2006, Biodegradable food packaging launched in UK. [WWW] http://foodanddrinkeurope. com/news/ng. asp? n=69464-natureworks-rpc-bebo-biodegradable-pla [Accessed 22 November] Anon. , 2006, The Body Shop- Body and soul. [WWW] [Accessed 23 November]

Airports Continue to See Major Changes in Security Due to...

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, airport security has received considerable attention from the government as well expect in the aviation industry. The damages that transpired following the attack have remained fresh in the minds of peace loving citizens. In fact, security has become everybody’s business because a security lapse in the aviation industry paralyzes various sector of the economy. Today, the government has encouraged redesigning of the airport with much consideration given to security. The new concerns in the wake of 9/11 terrorist attack propose integration of security into airport design and planning. Although the airports may not accommodate redesigning of the general layout, critics agree that an†¦show more content†¦Facility Placement I). Airport maintenance facilities The airport maintenance facilities contain hangar areas and involve public access as well as supply of deliverables. Since these facilities are accessible to the public, airport operator should coordinate security of these facilities to limit the chances of any possible threat. Moreover, the products delivered through these facilities might contain materials that might be useful in planting a security assault. II). Aircraft movement area By definition, aircraft movement encompasses areas such as runways, aircraft ramps, and taxiways. These movement areas are completely airside and require specific security measures as provided for by the law in addition to adhering to Federal Aviation Regulations. The accessibility of the aircraft movement area by public or individuals conducting specific duties makes such areas prone to security needs. Largely, the airport operator might not assume that the intentions of persons accessing these areas are not potential threat to the airport security. III). Air rescue and fire fighting facilities The air rescue and fire fighting facilities are critical to airport operation. While there is need for preparedness in handling accidental fire or conducting air rescue just incase incidences of similar nature occur, these facilities require adequate security concerns. Moreover, the positioning of these facilities makes them potential for security vulnerabilities. At times, the publicShow MoreRelatedThe World Trade Center ( 9 / 111523 Words   |  7 Pages9/11 On September 11, 2001 there was tragic moment when terrorists hijacked four civilian airplanes in New York and crashed them into the World Trade Center. 9/11 is a important date to the United States because it was a successful plan for the terrorist who wanted to try and crush the U.S government/ Economy .Al Qaeda was the main organization who was behind the idea to hijack American airlines. 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